A History of Early Music

Interactive Presentations · Medieval · Renaissance · Early Baroque · The Christian East

A graphical, interactive journey through a thousand years of Western music — from the unaccompanied plainchant of the early Church, through the birth of polyphony, the Ars Nova, the Franco-Flemish masters and the golden age of the Renaissance, to the threshold of the Baroque — with a parallel strand on the Christian East, whose Byzantine and Slavonic chant is as old as anything in the West. Every presentation includes synthesised audio examples you can play in the browser, links to real recordings, and hand-drawn diagrams explaining how to read the notation of the age.

How to use this collection

Each presentation is a single-file Reveal.js deck — no build step, no dependencies beyond a CDN. Use arrow keys or click to advance, Esc for the slide overview, F for fullscreen. Look for the amber ▶ Listen buttons: they synthesise chant, organum, cadences and more live in your browser using the Web Audio API — including authentic Pythagorean tuning for the medieval examples, so the pure fifths really ring. Start with Plainchant, or jump to Reading Early Music Notation for the full notation guide.

Presentations

Medieval · c. 500–1400
01

Plainchant

c. 6th–10th c.

The monophonic sung prayer of the Latin Church — the modes, the neume, and the birth of notation from which all Western music grows. With synthesised chant, drone and organum.

GregorianModesNeumes
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02

Hildegard von Bingen

1098–1179

Abbess, visionary and one of the first named composers — ecstatic, soaring chant of enormous range, and the sung morality play Ordo Virtutum.

VisionarySymphoniaMonophony
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03

The Notre-Dame School

Léonin & Pérotin · c. 1160–1250

The birth of measured polyphony in Paris — organum over sustained tenors, the four-voice grandeur of Pérotin, and the first notation of rhythm.

OrganumRhythmic ModesMagnus liber
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04

Troubadours & Trouvères

c. 1100–1300

The first great flowering of named secular song — courtly love in Occitan and French, from Bernart de Ventadorn to Adam de la Halle, and the dancing estampie.

Fin'amorCansoEstampie
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05

Guillaume de Machaut

c. 1300–1377

The towering figure of the Ars Nova — the first complete polyphonic Mass by one composer, dazzling isorhythmic motets, and the perfected formes fixes.

Ars NovaIsorhythmFormes fixes
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06

Francesco Landini

c. 1325–1397

The blind organist who crowned the Italian Trecento — graceful ballate, the Squarcialupi Codex, and the sweet under-third "Landini cadence".

TrecentoBallataLandini cadence
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07

John Dunstaple

c. 1390–1453

The English master whose sweet, full triadic harmony — the contenance angloise — gave the Continent its new sound of thirds and sixths.

Contenance angloiseThirds & sixths
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Renaissance · c. 1400–1600
08

Guillaume Du Fay

c. 1397–1474

The Burgundian sun of the early Renaissance — the motet for Florence's dome, the cyclic cantus-firmus Mass, fauxbourdon and radiant chansons.

BurgundianFauxbourdonCyclic Mass
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09

Gilles Binchois

c. 1400–1460

The supreme miniaturist of the Burgundian court — tender, perfectly shaped chansons and rondeaux for the age of courtly love.

ChansonRondeauBurgundian court
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10

Johannes Ockeghem

c. 1410–1497

The master of seamless, flowing polyphony and canonic mystery — the Missa prolationum, the earliest polyphonic Requiem, and canons of astonishing ingenuity.

CanonFranco-FlemishRequiem
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11

Josquin des Prez

c. 1450–1521

The Michelangelo of music — pervasive imitation, expressive word-painting, and a mastery so complete that Luther called him "master of the notes".

ImitationHigh RenaissanceWord-painting
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12

Thomas Tallis

c. 1505–1585

The English composer who survived four monarchs and the Reformation — from the 40-voice Spem in alium to the plain beauty of the English anthem.

EnglishSpem in aliumCanon
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13

Palestrina

c. 1525–1594

The serene voice of the Counter-Reformation — flawless, balanced counterpoint whose controlled dissonance became the very textbook of the art.

Roman SchoolCounterpointMissa Papae Marcelli
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14

Orlando di Lasso

1532–1594

The cosmopolitan genius of the late Renaissance — over two thousand works in every language and genre, vivid, pictorial and daringly chromatic.

ChromaticismMotetMadrigal
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15

Tomás Luis de Victoria

c. 1548–1611

The Spanish mystic — sacred music only, burning with the ardour of the age of St Teresa: the great Requiem, O magnum mysterium, the Tenebrae Responsories.

SpanishMysticalRequiem
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16

William Byrd

c. 1540–1623

Master of two worlds — glorious Latin Masses for the secret Catholic rite and English anthems for the Chapel Royal, and a founder of the keyboard virginalist school.

RecusantLatin MassesVirginals
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17

Carlo Gesualdo

c. 1566–1613

The prince who murdered and then poured his anguish into music of chromaticism so extreme it would not be heard again for three hundred years.

ChromaticismMadrigalTenebrae
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18

John Dowland

1563–1626

The melancholy lutenist — Flow, my tears, the falling "tear" motif, and the English ayre. "Semper Dowland, semper dolens." With a guide to lute tablature.

LuteAyreTablature
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Into the Baroque · c. 1600
19

Claudio Monteverdi

1567–1643

The doorway to the Baroque — the seconda pratica, the last great madrigals, the first great opera (L'Orfeo), and the birth of the basso continuo.

Seconda praticaOperaContinuo
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The Christian East · Byzantine & Slavonic Orthodoxy
20

Byzantine Chant

6th c. – present

The sung theology of the Christian East — voice alone over the ison drone, the eight echoi, the microtonal genera, St Romanos and St Kassia, and a notation of gesture and interval. With microtonal synthesis you can hear.

IsonOctoechosMicrotonal
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21

Slavonic & Russian Orthodox Chant

988 – present

From austere Znamenny chant and its hook-notation to the bells of the zvon, the deep oktavist basses, and Rachmaninoff's All-Night Vigil — with the wider Orthodox world, including Georgian polyphony.

ZnamennyZvon bellsOktavist bass
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Reading the Notation
22

Reading Early Music Notation

From Gesture to Grid

The full guide to how Western notation was invented and how to read every stage of it — neumes, the Guidonian staff, square notation, mensural notation, and tablature — with playable examples.

NeumesMensuralTablature
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A Thousand Years of Lineage

Early music is a single, unbroken conversation. Chant becomes polyphony at Notre-Dame; the Ars Nova systematises rhythm; the English "sweetness" crosses to Burgundy; the Franco-Flemish masters carry imitation to its summit in Josquin; and the golden age fans out across Rome, Munich, Spain and England before Monteverdi opens the door to the Baroque. The map traces the main lines of influence.

EARLY MEDIEVAL ARS NOVA · TRECENTO ENGLISH · BURGUNDIAN FRANCO-FLEMISH HIGH · LATE RENAISSANCE BAROQUE Chant c. 900 Hildegard 1098–1179 Notre- Dame c. 1200 Trouba- dours c. 1100–1300 Machaut c. 1300–77 Landini c. 1325–97 Dunstaple c. 1390–1453 Du Fay c. 1397–1474 Binchois c. 1400–60 Ockeghem c. 1410–97 Josquin c. 1450–1521 Tallis c. 1505–85 Palestrina c. 1525–94 Lassus 1532–94 Victoria c. 1548–1611 Byrd c. 1540–1623 Gesualdo c. 1566–1613 Dowland 1563–1626 Monte- verdi 1567–1643
Direct lineage / cantus-firmus tradition
Polyphonic technique
English influence / teacher–pupil
Secular song / homage
Looser influence